ルワンダのマウンテンゴリラ、生息数回復で空間の確保が問題に

【ＡＦＰ＝時事】ルワンダのボルカン国立公園では、野生動物の保護活動が実り、マウンテンゴリラの生息数が回復しつつある。だが、それを手放しで喜べないのは、マウンテンゴリラが成長し、繁栄するのに十分な空間が確保できていないからだ。（写真はルワンダのボルカン国立公園に生息するマウンテンゴリラ）
　マウンテンゴリラは、ルワンダ、ウガンダ、コンゴ民主共和国にまたがるビルンガ山脈と、ウガンダのブウィンディ原生国立公園にしか生息していない。
　森林警備隊員のフェリシアン・ヌテジマナ氏は、ビルンガ山脈とブウィンディ公園で行った個体数調査について、「２０１０年に８８０頭だったマウンテンゴリラが、２０１５年には１０６３頭になった」とＡＦＰに語った。
　１９８０年代からの数十年に及ぶ密猟で、ビルンガ山脈全域のマウンテンゴリラはわずか２５０頭に減っていた。
　だが、保護措置を強化するとともに地元村民の協力を得た結果、マウンテンゴリラをめぐる状況は好転した。
　今日では、ボルカン国立公園でゴリラに会えるトレッキングツアー代金１５００ドル（約１７万円）の１０％が地域の事業に使用され、５％が村民への補償基金に回されている。
　公園があるムサンゼ村の高齢の住民は、過去には嫌われ恐れられていたマウンテンゴリラが、今や村の財政の将来にとって重要な鍵となっていると指摘する。
　公式データによると、今日、約３８０頭のマウンテンゴリラが公園内に生息している。
　観光客や研究者との接触で人間に慣れたマウンテンゴリラは、自らの生息地が手狭になるにつれ、村民の居住区にも恐れずに足を踏み入れるようになってきた。
　個体数が増えたことで、マウンテンゴリラ同士で争いが起きる頻度も高くなった。犠牲になるのはしばしば幼いゴリラだ。
　この問題に対処するため、ルワンダは今後１０年で公園面積を２３％広げる計画を立てている。今年から始まるこのプロジェクトでは、農家約４０００世帯の立ち退きが予定されている。
　当局は立ち退き世帯に対し、補償金の支払いとともに、新たに建設する「モデルビレッジ」への入居を促す予定だ。
　大きな学校と養鶏場に加え、清潔で家具付きのれんが造りのアパートが用意され、政府は立ち退き家族にとって有益な移転になると主張する。
　だが、あるジャガイモ農家はゴリラが「問題なのではない」と語る。問題なのは「転居先の土地が肥沃（ひよく）でないことだ」と不満を漏らした。【翻訳編集ＡＦＰＢＢＮｅｗｓ】

〔ＡＦＰ＝時事〕（2022/01/11-11:48）

A huge male silverback gorilla nibbles on a tasty bamboo shoot before farting loudly, oblivious to his neighbours -- farmers working fertile fields a stone's throw away.
With hundreds of mountain gorillas in residence, the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda is a conservation triumph. But this resurgence is not without consequences, as the majestic creatures now struggle for space to grow and thrive.
Straddling Rwanda, Uganda and the Democratic Republic of Congo, the Virunga range includes eight volcanoes in the heart of Africa's densely populated Great Lakes region and is, along with Uganda's Bwindi Forest, the world's only habitat for mountain gorillas.
Officials at the Rwandan park are proud of its success in regenerating the primate population.
In the census we did in 2010, these mountain gorillas were 880; in 2015 we did another census that showed we have 1,063 in the Virunga massif and the Bwindi park, ranger Felicien Ntezimana told AFP, before leading a hike into the mist-covered forest where the animals live.
Thanks to this revival, the mountain gorilla, known for its thick, shiny fur, is now listed as endangered by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, while other great apes remain critically endangered.
The animal has come a long way since the 1980s when decades of poaching caused its population to plunge to just 250 across the Virunga range, and famed American primatologist Dian Fossey was murdered in the Rwandan park allegedly because of her anti-poaching efforts.
Stronger security measures and efforts to win over local villagers have helped turn the mountain gorilla's fortunes around.
Today, 10 percent of the cost of each $1,500 park ticket goes towards community projects while five percent is allocated to a compensation fund for villagers.
Far from being hated and feared as they were in the past, the gorillas are now seen as key to the community's financial future, says Jean-Baptiste Ndeze, an elderly inhabitant of Musanze, a town bordering the park.
Tourists throw money at them, which... comes back to us in the form of food, shelter and good livelihood, he told AFP.
- Infanticide and disease -
While the tourism sector contributed $25 million to Rwanda's economy pre-pandemic, the park's success in conservation has led to unforeseen consequences.
Twenty-five years ago, the Rwandan authorities were monitoring about 100 apes in the forest. Today, about 380 gorillas call it home, according to an official count.
As a result of tourism and interaction with researchers, the primates are accustomed to humans, and they are increasingly unafraid to venture into populated areas as their own habitat grows cramped.
We have seen gorillas more frequently coming out of the park and looking for food outside... also they tend to move further away from the edge of the park, said Felix Ndagijimana, who heads the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund in Rwanda.
The results can be dire.
The powerfully built animal -- an adult male can weigh up to 200 kilogrammes (440 pounds) -- is vulnerable to human diseases such as influenza, pneumonia and Ebola.
Rising gorilla numbers have also raised the likelihood of fights between the primates which can often prove fatal for the species' youngest members.
After seeing population growth slow a decade ago, Ndagijimana and his colleagues carried out a study which showed a staggering five-fold increase in infanticides.
Infanticides are a big problem because it can have a huge negative impact in the gorillas' population increase, he told AFP.
- Displacement -
The problem is much more pronounced in Rwanda than in neighbouring countries.
Only one gorilla family lives on the Ugandan side of the Virunga range, while the Congolese park is huge compared with the Rwandan forest, says Benjamin Mugabukomeye from the International Gorilla Conservation Programme, a regional organisation.
In a bid to address the issue, Rwanda plans to extend its park, adding 23 percent more surface area over the next decade.
The ambitious project is due to start next year and will displace around 4,000 farmer households.
It's a process we are undertaking very, very carefully, park director Prosper Uwingeli told AFP, adding that officials were conducting feasibility studies and designing detailed relocation sites.
The authorities intend to compensate the displaced families and house them in newly constructed model villages -- with a prototype already visible in Musanze.
In addition to a huge school and a poultry farm, the village includes immaculate, fully furnished brick apartments -- with the government insisting that the move will benefit displaced farmers.
Although they may have little choice but to comply with an authoritarian state, some families living on the edge of the park are worried.
This place is very fertile and it has enabled me to feed my family, one potato farmer told AFP.
The gorillas are not a problem, he said, but he complained that where they want to relocate us, the soil is not as fertile.