２千年前の聖書断片発掘　６０年ぶりの大発見　イスラエル

【エルサレムＡＦＰ＝時事】イスラエル政府は16日、新たに発掘された約2000年前の聖書写本の断片を公開した。専門家らは、「死海文書」の発見以来、最も重要な発見だとしている。（写真はイスラエル考古学庁＜IAA＞が公開した、2000年前の聖書の巻物の断片）
　断片は、イスラエル南部とパレスチナ自治区ヨルダン川西岸のイスラエル占領地にまたがり広がるユダヤ砂漠の「恐怖の洞窟」内で、イスラエル考古学庁（ＩＡＡ）が発掘した。洞窟の名は、内部から多数の骸骨が見つかったことや、周辺の危険な地形にちなんでいる。
　見つかった文書は、ヘブライ語聖書のギリシャ語翻訳を巻物に記したもの。この種の文書の発見は、１９６０年代前半以来、約６０年ぶりとなる。文章の大半は当時広く使われていた古代ギリシャ語で書かれているが、「神」を意味する言葉は古代ヘブライ語で書かれている。
　イスラエル考古学庁は今回の発見について、１９４７～５６年にヨルダン川西岸の死海近くにあるクムラン洞窟で見つかった約９００点の聖書写本群「死海文書」に匹敵するものだとしている。
　発見現場の洞窟は、２世紀の「バル・コクバの反乱」でユダヤ人がローマ帝国に対して蜂起した際に使われていたと考えられている。
　今回の発掘ではその他、貴重な硬貨の数々や、６０００年前の子どもの遺骨、放射性炭素年代測定で１万５００年前のものと判定された編みかごが見つかった。同庁はこのかごについて、「世界最古とみられる」としている。【翻訳編集ＡＦＰＢＢＮｅｗｓ】

〔ＡＦＰ＝時事〕（2021/03/17-14:11）

Israel on Tuesday unveiled fragments of a biblical scroll dating back some 2,000 years, in what experts described as the most significant such find since the Dead Sea Scrolls.
The artifacts were unearthed during excavations by the Israel Antiquities Authority (IAA) in the Judean desert, which spans parts of southern Israel and the occupied West Bank.
In a site known as the Cave of Horrors, archaeologists found fragments of a scroll with a Greek translation of the Hebrew bible, the first such find since the early 1960s.
For the first time in approximately 60 years, archaeological excavations have uncovered fragments of a biblical scroll, the IAA said.
Oren Ableman, an IAA curator, told AFP parts of the same scroll from the Book of the Twelve Minor Prophets were first discovered in the Cave of Horrors by Bedouins in the 1950s.
The Cave of Horrors took its name from the numerous skeletons found inside it and the treacherous terrain nearby.
Most of the text is in ancient Greek, a widely used language at the time, but the word Lord appears in ancient Hebrew script.
Oren said that among the most striking features of the new fragments is a deviation with all other known versions of the Old Testament: in one passage, the word gates is replaced by the word streets.
The significance of that deviation is what we are trying to discover now, he said.
Yosef Garfinkel, head of the Institute of Archaeology at Jerusalem's Hebrew University, described the find as exciting, telling AFP it could enrich the study of the history of the Greek translation of the bible.
The items were discovered in a cave believed to have been used by Jews rebelling against the Romans during the failed second-century Bar Kochba revolt.
The IAA compared the find to the extraordinary discovery of the Dead Sea Scrolls, some 900 manuscripts found between 1947 and 1956 in the Qumran caves above the Dead Sea in the West Bank.
They are some of the earliest biblical texts ever found.
- Oldest basket in the world? -
The Judea desert excavation also unearthed a cache of rare coins, a six-millennia-old skeleton of a child and a basket described by the IAA as likely the oldest in the world, which been carbon-dated to 10,500 years old.
I shook for days, after the basket was found, IAA archaeologist Chaim Cohen told AFP.
The woven basket was found remarkably intact, with a rock resting on its top -- an indication that its users wanted to keep the contents safe and intended to come back for them, Cohen said.
Organic material like the wood used for the basket typically decays, but this unprecedented discovery was preserved by the Judean's desert's dry climate and protective conditions in the cave, he said.
Cohen added that very little is known about the society that lived in the area at the time.
From this ancient period, we have nothing: We can tell, and I want to be very cautious, that they are likely nomads or half-nomads, he said.
Archaeological evidence suggests that looters had searched within seven centimetres of the basket, but never discovered it, Cohen said.
Israel's archaeological activities in occupied Palestinian territory have sparked controversy in the past.
Israel has been accused of politicising the discovery of ancient Jewish artifacts to justify territorial claims in the West Bank.
The IAA said it partnered in the dig with the Israel military branch responsible for civil affairs in the Palestinian territories (COGAT).
Palestinian antiquities authorities have not responded to requests for comment on the finds.