１７世紀に「検閲」女性画家の裸婦画、本来の姿を探る修復

【フィレンツェＡＦＰ＝時事】イタリア・フィレンツェで、３００年以上前に巨匠ミケランジェロの子孫に「検閲」された、半裸の女性の絵の本来の姿を明らかにするためのプロジェクトが進められている。（写真はアルテミジア・ジェンティレスキの「Ｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎ」）
　バロック美術を代表する女性画家アルテミジア・ジェンティレスキの作品「Ｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎ（素質の意味）」には後年、むき出しの乳房と股間を布で隠すように厚く絵の具が塗られた。
　数百年分の煙や１９６０年代に塗られたニスにより、肌の色はオレンジがかった淡い茶色に、ラピスラズリが使われた鮮やかな青空は灰色がかった緑色に変色している。
　ただ、描き足された分厚い絵の具を除去するのはリスクが大きすぎるため、画像診断技術を用いて、アルテミジアが意図していた本来の裸婦画の姿を探ることになった。すると、隠された裸体の詳細だけではなく、アルテミジア本人が制作過程で目や手の部分に加えた変更も判明した。
　この作品の数奇な来歴とも相まって、１７世紀随一の女性画家であるアルテミジアへの関心が高まっている。特にセクハラ告発運動「＃ＭｅＴｏｏ（私も）」後においては、その才能と自立心、劇的な人生とともに再評価されている。

■隠された肉体

　「Ｉｎｃｌｉｎａｔｉｏｎ」には雲に座る裸の女性が描かれており、天性の才能や情熱が表されている。ミケランジェロのおいかめいの息子が発注したもので、アルテミジア本人がモデルだと考えられている。
　発注した人物は、ミケランジェロの功績を讃えるため、フィレンツェにあったミケランジェロの家を美術館兼邸宅に改装した。「素質」は美術館のために描かれた１５連の天井画の１枚。
　その技術が評価され、アルテミジアには他の男性画家の３倍の報酬が支払われたとされる。
　この依頼に取り掛かる直前、当時１７歳だったアルテミジアはローマで同じく画家だった父の仲間にレイプされた。
　その裁判では証言が真実であることを確かめるため、アルテミジアは拷問を受けた。最終的に加害者は有罪となった。
　絵の完成から約７０年後、禁欲主義的なミケランジェロの子孫が天井画を問題視した。妻や子どもへの悪影響を恐れたこの子孫は、高名なトスカーナ人画家フランチェスキーニ（別名ボルテラーノ）に修正を依頼した。
　フランチェスキーニは胸の上に薄地の布を描き、股間の上には厚地の布を描いた。
　修復士のエリザベス・ウィックス氏は「絵が検閲された頃にはアルテミジアがすでに亡くなっていたと思いたい。快く思わなかっただろうから」「われわれも良くは思ってはいないが、修正はこの絵の歴史の一部だ」と語った。【翻訳編集ＡＦＰＢＢＮｅｗｓ】
〔ＡＦＰ＝時事〕（2023/02/06-13:21）

Using gentle, circular motions, an art restorer gently cleans the painting of a half-nude woman that was censored more than 300 years ago by a prudish descendant of Michelangelo.
The piece by Artemisia Gentileschi, the Italian Baroque's trailblazing woman artist, is undergoing a months-long restoration to rediscover her original vision, hidden for centuries under a thick layer of strategically placed paint.
While the restorers consider it too risky to remove the drapery and veil later painted on to cover the figure's breasts and loins, diagnostic imaging will provide a glimpse of the original nude as Artemisia intended.
As we say in Italian, it's been turned inside out like a glove with all the diagnostic techniques possible to understand how the painting was conceived, how it was painted, conservator Elizabeth Wicks, the head of the team of restoration experts, told AFP.
The experts also want to uncover what happened to it afterwards, and to see if we can read between the veils of censorship that were added to the painting.
Artemisia painted Allegory of Inclination in 1616 to glorify Italy's most celebrated artist, Michelangelo Buonarroti.
But the work's curious history has only added to the fascination surrounding Artemisia, the 17th century's most eminent woman painter whose talent, independence and dramatic life story have fuelled new appreciation in the post-#MeToo era.
- Hide the flesh -
The painting, which many believe to be a self-portrait of Artemisia, depicts a female nude sitting atop a cloud, representing innate creative talent and drive.
It was commissioned by Michelangelo's great-nephew, who turned his ancestor's home into a sumptuous residence and museum to celebrate his genius.
It was one of 15 paintings Michelangelo the Younger commissioned for the ceiling of the palazzo's gallery.
Artemisia, who went on to achieve fame and the patronage of kings during her lifetime, was paid three times more than her male colleagues, in recognition of her exceptional skill.
She painted the work soon after arriving in Florence from Rome, where at age 17, she was raped by a colleague of her painter father.
During a subsequent trial, she was tortured to determine whether she was telling the truth, and her attacker was convicted.
About 70 years after the work's completion, a more puritanical descendant of Michelangelo baulked. Concerned about the possible effect of the nudity on his wife and children, he hired famous Tuscan artist Baldassare Franceschini, known as Il Volterrano, to modify it.
He painted a diaphanous veil over the figure's breasts and heavier drapery over her loins. That extra layer of oil paint, which can take up to 200 years to fully dry, now presents too great a risk to remove.
I like to think that she had passed away by the time this painting was censored because I don't think she would have been very happy about it, said Wicks.
We're not too happy about it either, but it's part of the history of the painting at this point.
- Heroine at centre -
Centuries of smoke, and varnish added in the 1960s, have imparted an orangey fake tan to the figure's skin, while the brilliant blue sky painted with lapis lazuli has turned a sickly grey-green.
You can see this leg is lighter because I have cleaned (and) thinned the varnish in this area, said Wicks, dabbing at the canvas while peering through magnifying glasses.
Wicks started at the edges, and next month will begin working on the back of the canvas. After a careful restretching, resins will be added to strengthen the fibres of the canvas and re-adhere the paint.
Thus far, X-rays and other imaging techniques have revealed not only the underlying nudity but also changes made to the eyes and hands as Artemisia worked.
What you'd think is under the veil is under the veil. It's all there! laughed Wicks.
During an exhibit that starts in September, visitors will be able to see the work up close before the painting permanently returns to the palazzo's ceiling.
They will be able to view a digital image that reveals its various layers while exploring the modern techniques that helped uncover them.
The project's coordinator, Linda Falcone, said it was important to create a conversation about art by women -- the fact they were protagonists in their time.
Artemisia, she said, was a savvy self-promoter, because with her tribute to Michelangelo, she's saying, 'I, as a woman, have the inclination to paint!'
She puts the heroine at the centre of the canvas, and that heroine has her face.