戦火逃れても人身売買の脅威　ウクライナ孤児

【ＡＦＰ＝時事】ロシアの侵攻を受けるウクライナで今、もともと弱い立場にある子どもたちが養護施設に置き去りにされ、人身売買の危険にもさらされている。（写真はウクライナのハンガリーとの国境に近いペレフレスチャで、避難してきた孤児の宿泊施設になっている学校のベッドに置かれたテディベア）
　米首都ワシントンを本拠とする「障害者権利インターナショナル」の事務局長、エリック・ローゼンタール氏は、ウクライナでは侵攻前から、孤児院での強制労働や性産業への人身売買という大きな問題が存在したと指摘する。
　しかし、狙われる子ども、置き去りにされる子ども、見捨てられる子どもの危険がさらに高まっているという。
　国連難民高等弁務官事務所（ＵＮＨＣＲ）によると、欧州最貧国のウクライナの孤児院、寄宿学校、障害者施設で暮らす子どもの数は１０万人以上で、欧州全体で最も多い。しかもその多くは、親や親族は生きているが子どもの面倒を見ることができない、いわゆる社会的孤児だとされている。
　公式データによると、２月２４日の侵攻以降、保護下にある未成年者のうち少なくとも８０００人が国外へ連れ出されるか、ウクライナ国内で移動させられている。
　また、約３万１０００人が親元に戻ったが、少なくとも２５００人が避難の必要な戦闘地域から身動きできずにいると推定されている。この子どもたちを脱出させるのは難しい。

■性のためのシェルター
　ウクライナで運よく死を免れた子どもたちが、人身売買の犠牲になる恐れも高まっている。
　国際慈善団体「子どものための希望と家」ウクライナ支部のハリーナ・ポストリュク代表は、「戦争が始まった時、子どもたちは極めて孤立した、閉鎖的な環境で暮らしていた」と指摘。
　旧ソ連時代に構築された巨大な児童養護制度に対し、「適切なモニタリングが定期的に行われていないことが大きな問題だ」と批判した。
　子どもたちがそうした制度の隙間に陥り、人身売買業者の手に渡ることが懸念されていると、ローゼンタール氏は指摘する。一部の子どもはすでに、人身売買が大きな問題となっているルーマニアやモルドバの孤児院に移されているという。
　国際移住機関（ＩＯＭ）はウクライナ難民に対し、国外脱出の混乱に乗じた人身売買業者に注意するよう警告している。ウクライナ当局は、孤児の避難と監視に関する新しい規則を３月に導入したが、ＮＧＯはさらなる対策が必要だとしている。
　カトリック系慈善団体カリタスルーマニア支部のトマス・ハックル氏は、国境にいる監視チームが最近、ウクライナ人少女２人をイタリアへ連れて行こうとしていた男を阻止したと語った。人身売買が疑われたという。
　「人身売買組織は避難する人に、移動手段の提供を申し出る。少女を特定の場所に連れて行こうとするなど、この男が信用できないと思えることがたくさんあった」
　ポーランドに到着した人からは、「避難場所を提供する代わりに性行為を求められた」と訴える声も上がっているという。【翻訳編集ＡＦＰＢＢＮｅｗｓ】
〔ＡＦＰ＝時事〕（2022/04/21-09:01）

Left in care homes and now threatened by war, thousands of already vulnerable Ukrainian refugees are at risk of being trafficked as they are uprooted by fighting across the country.
Some have come under Russian fire in their care homes. Others fled amid the sound of explosions and gunfire. Many remain unaccounted for, lost in the chaos of Ukraine's sprawling and often disorganised social service system.
There was a big problem of forced labour in the orphanages before the war (and) trafficking for the sex industry, said Eric Rosenthal, director of Disability Rights International (DRI) in Washington.
Now there is an even greater danger of children being targeted, children being left behind, children being abandoned.
There are more than 100,000 children in orphanages, boarding schools, or homes for the disabled in Ukraine, the highest number in all of Europe, according to the UN refugee agency, UNHCR.
Many are considered so-called social orphans -- their parents or other relatives are alive but unable to care for them in the country, one of Europe's poorest.
Since Russia's invasion of Ukraine on February 24, at least 8,000 minors in care have been taken abroad or relocated within Ukraine, according to official data.
About 31,000 have been returned to their parents, and officials estimate that at least 2,500 others are trapped in active fighting zones and need to be evacuated.
Getting them out is no easy task.
- Narrow escape -
In late March, as war reached the city of Nizhyn northeast of Kyiv, Marieta knew she had to act quickly.
She ran a care home for children whose families were too poor to care for them or were struggling with substance abuse. While some families came to collect their kids, seven of them between the ages of five and 14 were left behind.
The children could hear the gunfire and explosions. It was terrifying for them, she told AFP, declining to give her last name.
The kids were loaded onto a bus with the curtains drawn, ferried to a centre near the Slovak border nearly 1,000 kilometres (620 miles) away.
Luckily, the children didn't see the destroyed houses and dead people, Marieta said.
Three days after we left, the Russians moved in on Nizhyn. If we'd left it any longer, we'd have been trapped.
Elsewhere, in Vorzel, northwest of Kyiv, a care home for infants under the age of four came under shelling the day after the Russians invaded.
Fortunately, children and staff were not inside, said Halyna Postoliuk, country director for Hope and Homes for Children Ukraine.
It wasn't until March 9 that it was deemed safe enough to evacuate the 55 infants and 26 staff from the centre -- first to Kyiv, then to western Ukraine -- after a humanitarian corridor was eventually agreed.
- Shelter for sex -
Fears are now mounting that those lucky enough to escape death in Ukraine could be preyed on by traffickers, a long-running threat for children in the country's sprawling and often dysfunctional care network established under the Soviet Union.
It's a threat heightened by the conflict.
When the war started, children were living in quite isolated, closed environments, and the big problem is that there is no proper regular monitoring of this huge system, said Postoliuk.
DRI's Rosenthal said that even before the war, Ukraine was an extremely dangerous place for children who are separated from their families, in a care system that is disorganised... with little oversight.
The fear is that children could slip through the cracks and fall into the hands of traffickers, he said.
Some kids have already been transferred to orphanages in Romania and Moldova, where there is a big trafficking problem, he said.
The UN's International Organization for Migration has already warned refugees fleeing the country to beware of traffickers eager to take advantage of the chaotic exodus.
And in March, Ukraine imposed new rules for the evacuation and monitoring of orphans, but NGOs say more still needs to be done.
Thomas Hackl, from Caritas Romania, said his team at the Romania border recently stopped a suspected trafficker trying to take two young Ukrainian girls to Italy.
Traffickers mingle with the population, offering transport. There were many signs that led us not to trust this man, he insisted too much, he wanted to take them to a specific place.
The charity also said people arriving in Poland had told them they had been offered shelter in return for sex.
- 'No training' -
Colleen Holt Thompson fears the worst for children who have been lost in the chaos of war.
When the conflict broke out, the 55-year-old American who volunteers for a US adoption network travelled to Lviv in western Ukraine from the US state of Kentucky to help with international evacuations.
There are many thousands of kids right now who are in hotels with people with them... in little camps and in families' homes that have never been checked, said Thompson, who has six adopted children from Ukraine.
We don't know if these people are safe, there is no training, she told AFP from Lviv.
She now fears for an 18-year-old girl who she's been trying to adopt for years, who was recently moved from Donetsk in the east to an orphanage in Lviv and could be taken to Austria.
Many kids who have managed to escape fighting in Ukraine are now experiencing trauma, not eating or sleeping properly or showing signs of psychological and emotional regression, according to some experts.
Others like Marieta are grateful to have got her children to safety -- for now.
Asked what would happen if Russian forces closed in on their new refuge, she replied: It's better not to think about it.