米先住民とポリネシア人、８００年前に交流か　ＤＮＡ研究

【パリＡＦＰ＝時事】西暦1200年ごろにアメリカ先住民とポリネシア人が広大な外洋を越えて交流していたことを明らかにしたとする研究結果が8日、発表された。この交流の動かし難い証拠が、現代の人々のDNAに残されているという。（写真は資料写真）
　現在のコロンビアやエクアドルにあたる地域の人々が数千キロを漂流して太平洋の真ん中に浮かぶ小さな島々にたどりついたのか、それともポリネシア人の船乗りたちが風上に向かって進出して南米大陸に到達し、その後に戻ったのかは、まだ明らかになっていない。
　だが、英科学誌ネイチャーに掲載された論文によると、欧州の人々がこれらの地域に足を踏み入れる数百年前に両者の交流が生じていたことと、これによって仏領ポリネシアの島々に住む人々にアメリカ大陸の特徴的な痕跡が残されたことは確実だという。
　古くからポリネシアの人々は、ハワイ、イースター島、ニュージーランドを結ぶ三角形の広大なエリアをカヌーを使って航行・開拓したとされる。
　ただ、中世（５～１５世紀）の時代にオセアニアの島民とアメリカ先住民が出会っていたかどうか、もし出会っていたとすると両者の交流がどのように展開した可能性があるのかをめぐっては、考古学者や歴史学者の間で長年にわたり激しい論争が繰り広げられてきた。
　この論争に終止符を打つため、米スタンフォード大学などの研究チームは、中南米の太平洋沿岸地域に位置する１５のアメリカ先住民のグループとポリネシアにある１７の島で、計８００人以上の遺伝子データを収集した。
　「今回の研究では、全く同じ遺伝情報を含む長鎖ＤＮＡ配列を探した」と、論文執筆者の一人は説明した。
　世代を重ねると、それぞれの親から受け継がれたＤＮＡに対して、母親と父親に由来するＤＮＡの断片が切断・結合する「再結合」が起きる。そのため、「ポリネシア人にあるアメリカ先住民のＤＮＡ小断片の長さを測ることで、何世代前に両者の交流が生じたかを推定できる」というのだ。
　この方法で推定された年代が、西暦１２００年だった。
　今回の研究によって、覆される長年の通説がいくつかある。そのうちの一つは、二つの文化が文字通り顔を突き合わせた最初の場所は南太平洋のイースター島だとする説だ。イースター島はポリネシアの言葉で「ラパ・ヌイ」と呼ばれる。【翻訳編集ＡＦＰＢＢＮｅｗｓ】
〔ＡＦＰ＝時事〕（2020/07/10-11:37）

Native Americans and Polynesians bridged vast expanses of open ocean around the year 1200 and mingled, leaving incontrovertible proof of their encounter in the DNA of present-day populations, scientists revealed Wednesday.
Whether peoples from what is today Colombia or Ecuador drifted thousands of kilometres to tiny islands in the middle of the Pacific, or whether seafaring Polynesians sailed upwind to South America and then back again is still unknown.
But what is certain, according to a study in Nature, is that the hook up took place hundreds of years before Europeans set foot in either region, and left individuals scattered across French Polynesia with signature traces of the New World in their DNA.
These findings change our understanding of one of the most unknown chapters in the history of our species' great continental expansions, senior author Andreas Moreno-Estrada, principal investigator at Mexico's National Laboratory of Genomics for biodiversity, told AFP.
Archeologists and historians have tussled for decades over whether Oceana islanders and native Americans crossed paths during the Middle Ages, and how, if they did, that contact might have unfolded.
In 1947, Norwegian explorer and writer Thor Heyerdahl went so far as to build a primitive raft -- which he called Kon-Tiki, after an Inca god -- and sailed from Peru nearly 7,000 kilometres for 101 days before crashing into Tuamotus in French Polynesia.
As it turns out, that is one of the islands where snippets of New World DNA showed up.
Heyerdahl was convinced that people from Peru had populated the remote Pacific islands, and wanted to show it was possible. But he only got it half-right, it seems.
It is more likely that Polynesians reached the Americas, given their voyaging technology and demonstrated ability to cross thousands of miles of open ocean, lead author Alexander Ioannidis, a postdoctoral researcher at Stanford University, told AFP.
Travelling in outrigger canoes, Polynesians established settlements across a vast area inside a triangle formed by the Hawaiian Islands, Easter Island and New Zealand.
Up to now, probably the most compelling evidence that pre-American and Polynesian cultures intersected was the sweet potato.
It is native to the Americas, yet it was also on islands thousands of miles away before European contact, Ioannidis said.
- 'Unwritten histories' -
Moreover, Polynesian words for the yellowish tuber are similar to those in indigenous American languages in the Andes.
But sceptics pointed out that sweet potatoes shoots might have made it half-way across the Pacific on their own, on a piece of driftwood, for example.
To look for possible points of convergence, researchers collected genetic data from 15 native American groups along the Pacific coast of South and Central America, and from 17 Polynesian islands -- more than 800 individuals in all.
We looked for long sequences of DNA with exactly the same code, said Ioannidis.
The match-up with indigenous groups in Colombia and Ecuador was unmistakable, confirmed both by traditional statistical methods, and new big data machine-learning techniques.
The genetic material also revealed the timing of the encounter.
With successive generations, DNA inherited from each parent undergoes recombination, whereby pieces of DNA from the mother and father are broken off and fused together.
By measuring the length of the small Native American pieces of DNA in Polynesians, we can estimate how many generations ago the contact occurred.
The date that emerged was 1200, around the time Genghis Khan invaded China and the crusades sacked Constantinople.
Among the long-standing articles of belief dismantled by the new findings is the contention that Rapu Nui -- better known as Easter Island -- was the first place where the two cultures literally came face-to-face.
New computational methods will help scientists and scholars uncover previously inaccessible stories from the past, said Moreno-Estrada.
Much of history has relied on written accounts, which are generally controlled by, and focus on, those who rule, he said.
Genetics and data science are now allowing us to tell the perhaps even more incredible -- and no less true -- stories of the rest of humanity.
That's what really motivates me, he added.