メキシコ先住民の「聖なる井戸」が汚染、養豚場が原因か

【メリダＡＦＰ＝時事】メキシコ南東部ユカタン半島に数千か所ある天然の泉「セノーテ」は昔から神聖な場所とされ、先住民マヤにあがめられてきた。人気の観光スポットにもなっているセノーテは今、大規模養豚場の脅威にさらされている。（写真はメキシコ南東部ユカタン半島ホムン村のセノーテ）
　陥没した穴に水がたまったセノーテは、リビエラマヤ地区に迷宮のように広がる洞窟の一部を成している。それらの洞窟は、緑豊かなジャングルの地下の巨大な帯水層につながっている。
　先住民はセノーテを飲料水にしており、「聖なる井戸」と呼ばれてきた。
　ツアーガイドとして働く先住民のドロテオ・ハウさん（６２）は「神の恵みであるこの地域は、ふるいのようなものだ。一帯の水はセノーテに流れ込む」と語った。
　ハウさんは、アジアで急拡大する豚肉需要を賄うための養豚場により、セノーテが危機にさらされていると懸念する。「彼らは私たちが大切にしてきたものを破壊しようとしている」と訴える。
　環境保護団体グリーンピースが２０２０年に公表した報告書によると、人口７５００人のホムン村には２５７か所の養豚場があるが、このうち環境アセスメント（環境影響評価）を提出しているのは２２か所にすぎない。
　ＡＦＰはメキシコ環境・天然資源省にコメントを求めたが、回答は得られなかった。
　複数の共同体の住民は、人里離れた場所にある養豚場が未処理の廃棄物をジャングルに捨てていると非難している。
　「悪臭がひどくて息ができない」と、テオドリタ・レホンさん（７１）は訴える。
　米農務省によると、メキシコの豚肉輸出額は２０２０年に３０％近く増加し、９億１６００万ドル（約１０００億円）に達した。
　日本に次ぐ輸出先である中国向けの輸出額は近年飛躍的に伸びており、１７年の２００万ドル（約２億２０００万円）から２０年には２億６４００万ドル（約２９０億円）に拡大した。
　養豚場の経営者は、廃棄物の処理は要求されている基準を達成していると主張している。
　ユカタン半島最大の養豚業者「グルーポ・ポルシコラ・メヒカーノ（ＧＰＭ）」のアルベルト・アルフォンソ氏は、ＡＦＰ記者に有機廃棄物の処理に使われるシステムを見せて回り、「われわれは何も汚染していない」と性能を誇示した。
　グリーンピースの報告書を執筆したビリディアナ・ラサロ氏は、ユカタン半島のセノーテと井戸から採取したサンプルに「汚染物質」が存在したと話す。
　国連開発計画（ＵＮＤＰ）の専門家も同様の報告をしている。
　ＵＮＤＰのユカタン半島責任者ハビエル・モヤ氏は「責任の一部は養豚場にある」と述べた。採取したサンプルには、動物のふんに含まれる細菌や抗生物質の痕跡も見られたという。【翻訳編集ＡＦＰＢＢＮｅｗｓ】
〔ＡＦＰ＝時事〕（2021/09/27-13:28）

Long revered by the Maya people as sacred and today a magnet for tourists, local indigenous communities fear the water-filled sinkholes of Mexico's Yucatan Peninsula are under threat from industrial pig farms.
Known as cenotes, the thousands of cavities are part of a vast labyrinth of caves connected to a giant aquifer under the lush jungle of a region known as the Riviera Maya.
For the indigenous people who inhabit the area in southeast Mexico, they are a source of drinking water that their ancestors called sacred wells.
The area where we have our gift from God is like a sieve -- the water from all around goes down into the cenotes, said Doroteo Hau, an indigenous resident and tour guide.
Now the 62-year-old fears that the purity of the cenotes is being put at risk to satisfy burgeoning Asian demand for pork.
They're going to destroy what we're taking care of, said Hau, who teamed up with other residents to form an organization called the Guardians of the Cenotes.
In May they managed to get Mexico's Supreme Court to ratify a suspension order for a farm with more than 45,000 pigs in Homun, home to 7,500 people. The case is under appeal.
If the complex reopens, Doroteo said that he is willing to take up machetes to defend the cenotes.
There are about 257 pig farms in the region, of which only 22 have submitted environmental impact studies, according to a report released by environmental group Greenpeace last year.
The environment ministry did not respond to AFP's request for comment the matter.
- 'You can't breathe' -
Often filled with stunning emerald or turquoise waters illuminated by a shaft of light from above, the sinkholes are a major attraction for snorkelers, scuba divers and other visitors.
Tourists will stop coming if the bad smells get here, said taxi driver Jesus Dzul, who earns a living from visitors who come to swim in the crystal clear waters.
Residents of several communities accuse farms located in remote areas of dumping untreated waste in the jungle.
The stench is too much... you can't breathe, 71-year-old Teodorita Rejon said with a gesture of disgust before a protest march in one village against a nearby pig farm.
One demonstrator dragged a plastic pig through the dirt streets shouting demands for the farms to close.
Mexican pork exports increased by nearly 30 percent in value in 2020, to $916 million, according to the US Department of Agriculture.
Sales to China, Mexico's second biggest customer for the meat after Japan, have skyrocketed in recent years, from $2 million in 2017 to $264 million in 2020.
An outbreak of African swine fever in China in 2018 and 2019 saw millions of pigs slaughtered to prevent an epidemic, driving up pork prices and demand for imports.
- 'We don't pollute' -
The stakes are so high that intimidation tactics are allegedly used against local communities.
We're threatened by the people who work on the farms, resident Yolanda Chi said during a public consultation in which inhabitants mostly rejected the pig farms.
They give them money to do it, but we're going to vote anyway, she said, as men nearby hurled insults at people participating in the referendum, which was not binding.
The pig farm owners insist that their waste management meets the necessary standards.
We don't pollute anything, Alberto Alfonso of Grupo Porcicola Mexicano, the largest operator in Yucatan, told AFP.
He showed off systems used to treat organic waste during a tour of the complex.
But the author of the Greenpeace study, Viridiana Lazaro, maintains that samples taken from the cenotes and wells in the area indicate the presence of contaminants.
Experts from the United Nations Development Program reported a similar finding.
It's partly attributable to farms, said Xavier Moya, representative of the UN agency in the Yucatan.
Samples contained bacteria found in animal feces and traces of antibiotics, he said.
For Hau and other indigenous residents, the idea of the sacred cenotes being gradually destroyed by pollution is too much to bear.
No, we can't take any more! he said.