「ホロコースト犠牲者を想起する国際デー」　上海に逃れたユダヤ人たち

【上海ＡＦＰ＝時事】ナチス・ドイツのホロコースト（ユダヤ人大量虐殺）を逃れた数多くのユダヤ人が、中国・上海に身を寄せ合って暮らしていたことはあまり知られていない。当時、まだ幼児だったクルト・ウィックさんが、強制収容所の「死」を免れることができたのも、上海に避難できたためだ。（写真は中国・上海市にある「上海ユダヤ難民記念館」のシナゴーグ跡地）
　現在、ウィックさんは８３歳。過去２０年にわたり、アドルフ・ヒトラーの残虐行為から、いかに上海がユダヤ人を救ったかを語り続けている。「（上海は）ユダヤ人２万人を救った。もしあの助けがなければ、こうして今、話をすることはできなかった」
　オーストリア・ウィーン生まれのウィックさんは、イタリア・トリエステの港から、両親と共に上海へと避難した。
　１月２７日は「ホロコースト犠牲者を想起する国際デー」。アウシュビッツ・ビルケナウ強制収容所が１９４５年に解放された日だ。
　人類史上最悪のジェノサイド（大量虐殺）により、ユダヤ人６００万人が殺された。だがウィックさんと６人の家族は、欧州から上海に逃げることができた。上海は当時、入国ビザを必要としない数少ない渡航先の一つだったのだ。ユダヤ人でも、このことを知らない人は多いとウィックさんは話す。
　迫害から逃れてきたユダヤ人は、既に１９世紀に渡ってきていた少数だが裕福な同胞から援助を受け、自分たちのコミュニティーを築くことができた。

■「特別な関係」
　２００７年、上海市虹口区に政府運営の「上海ユダヤ難民記念館」が開館した。
　記念館の最も重要な展示は、１９３０年代から１９４０年代にかけて同市に滞在していたユダヤ人数千人の名前が記された壁だ。その他にも、旧日本軍による上海占領時代に、自らも苦しい立場にあった中国人とユダヤ人とがお互いに助け合っていたことを物語る内容の展示が多い。
　施設ではまた、ユダヤ人が中国人からの偏見に直面していなかったというメッセージも見て取れる。これについては、ウィックさんからの裏付けがある。
　その一方でウィックさんは、ユダヤ人の避難を許したのは「主に日本人だった」ことを強調する。ナチス・ドイツと同盟を結んでいたものの、日本人は反ユダヤ主義ではなかったと話した。
　同記念館の陳倹館長は、上海とユダヤ人は、避難の前から「特別な関係」にあり、それが今も続いていると話す。「あれから数十年が経過し、歴史中の出来事の一つとなったが、避難民の一部とその子孫…そして私たちは非常に深い友情を維持しているのです」【翻訳編集ＡＦＰＢＢＮｅｗｓ】
〔ＡＦＰ＝時事〕（2021/01/28-13:24）

As an infant Kurt Wick escaped almost certain death in a Nazi concentration camp by taking refuge in Shanghai, a little-known sanctuary for thousands of Jews fleeing the Holocaust.
Now 83, he has spent the last two decades spreading the word about how the Chinese city became an unlikely safe haven from Adolf Hitler's Final Solution.
They saved 20,000 Jews and if it wasn't for that, I wouldn't be able to talk to you now, says Vienna-born Wick, who was taken by his parents on a ship from the port of Trieste for the long voyage east.
I would have been one of the ashes in Auschwitz, like my other family.
Wednesday is International Holocaust Remembrance Day, marking the anniversary of the 1945 liberation of Auschwitz-Birkenau, the largest Nazi death camp.
Six million Jews perished during the worst genocide in human history but Wick and six other members of his family were able to escape Europe for Shanghai because it was one of the very few destinations that did not require an entry visa.
People should know about it because it was the only place in the world in 1939 that opened its gates, Wick said by telephone from his home in London.
Even many Jews don't know about it.
Shanghai was a strange and faraway land for the European Jews, and would soon be completely occupied by an increasingly aggressive Imperial Japan.
They got support from a small but wealthy number of Jews who had been in the city since the 19th century and helped build a bustling community.
Historical accounts likened the atmosphere to a small town in Austria or Germany.
Life was nevertheless hard and after World War II ended in 1945, Shanghai's Jewish population declined sharply as they returned home or embarked on new lives elsewhere.
- 'Special relationship' -
Chinese authorities are clearly eager for Shanghai's history as a safe harbour for Jews to get more exposure.
In 2007 the government-run Shanghai Jewish Refugees Museum opened in Hongkou, a district that once contained the so-called Shanghai Ghetto.
The site of a former synagogue, the museum reopened last month after a major expansion that tripled its size.
The centrepiece of the museum is a wall listing the names of thousands of Jews who temporarily made the city home in the 1930s and 1940s.
Much is made at the museum of how the Jews and Chinese, themselves suffering the ravages of war, helped one another get by during the Japanese occupation.
It also highlights how the Jews never faced any prejudice from the Chinese -- an assertion backed up by Wick.
But he is also keen to stress that the Japanese, although allied to Nazi Germany, were also not anti-Semitic and it was mainly the Japanese who allowed them refuge.
Chen Jian, the museum's curator, said there was a special relationship between Shanghai and the Jews which pre-dates the refugees and continues to this day.
Although decades have passed and this period of history is a long time ago, some of the refugees and their descendants have maintained... the very deep friendship between us, he said.
- Untold story -
Rabbi Shalom Greenberg, co-director of the Shanghai Jewish Center, said the story of Jews finding shelter in Shanghai remained untold for decades and still receives little attention.
The story that was told was about those who did not survive, about their terrible situation, the terrible thing that happened in Europe, said Greenberg.
The story of the survivors, in general, was almost not told.
None of the refugees remain in Shanghai but there is still a small yet active Jewish community of about 2,000 people.
Prejudice of any kind against them is unheard of, says Greenberg, 49, at the century-old Ohel Rachel Synagogue.
This is one of the very few places in the world that when you walk on the street and you hear two people behind you saying in the local language, 'This person is Jewish', you are not afraid. he said.
This land never, never had anti-Semitism.